What is the potential risk?

Workers using 3D printers may be exposed to hazardous levels of ultrafine particulates, poten- tially putting them at risk of adverse health effects.

3D printing is an emerging technology, which is used to create three-dimensional objects from a computer model. The process layers materials such as plastic, gels, or powdered metals on top of each other until the finished product is formed. Several studies have shown that 3D printers emit particulate matter, ultrafine particulates, and volatile organic compounds, which may be inhaled by workers who are using the machines.

The use of 3D printers in B.C. is expanding, increasing the potential for workers to experience health effects as the result of exposure.

Workers who may be at risk include those in manufacturing facilities using 3D printers to produce commercial products and workers in businesses that offer 3D printing services, such as printing shops and public libraries. Some of these printers can even be found in public schools and may present an exposure risk to teachers and other staff.

What industries may be at risk?

Manufacturing; Digital printing; Education

How can I reduce the risk in my workplace?

As an employer, you need to know if there is the potential for the risk identified in this advisory to be present in your workplace. It’s your responsibility to regularly inspect your workplace, and to ensure that your safety procedures and practices control the risk. The following information highlights some of the sections of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Regulation and Guidelines that are most relevant to this risk.

Section 4.79 of the OHS Regulation states that the employer must ensure the indoor air quality is investigated when complaints are reported. The investigation may include sampling for airborne contaminants (e.g., ultrafine particulates) suspected to be present in concentrations associated with the reported complaints.

Section 5.54 of the Regulation requires that the employer implement an exposure control plan (ECP) when:

1. exposure monitoring under section 5.53(3) indicates that a worker is or may be exposed to an air contaminant in excess of 50% of its exposure limit,
2. measurement is not possible at 50% of the applicable exposure limit, or
3. otherwise required by this Regulation.

Section 5.57 of the Regulation requires that worker exposure to carcinogens and sensitizers must be maintained at levels as low as reasonably achievable below the exposure limit. These substances must be replaced, if practicable, with a material that reduces the risk to workers.

Additional ECP requirements are also specified in sections 5.55–5.59.